numpy
Arrays
Initialize numpy arrays from nested Python lists, and access elements using square brackets:
a = np.array([1, 2, 3]) # Create a rank 1 array
print(type(a)) # Prints "<class 'numpy.ndarray'>"
print(a.shape) # Prints "(3,)"
print(a[0], a[1], a[2]) # Prints "1 2 3"
a[0] = 5 # Change an element of the array
print(a) # Prints "[5, 2, 3]"
b = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]) # Create a rank 2 array
print(b.shape) # Prints "(2, 3)"
print(b[0, 0], b[0, 1], b[1, 0]) # Prints "1 2 4"
# Fill the array with a scalar value.
a = np.array([1, 2])
>>> a.fill(0)
>>> a
array([0, 0])
# Copy an element of an array to a standard Python scalar and return it.
>>> np.random.seed(123)
>>> x = np.random.randint(9, size=(3, 3))
>>> x
array([[2, 2, 6],
[1, 3, 6],
[1, 0, 1]])
>>> x.item(3)
1
>>> x.item((0, 1))
2
numpy.pad
import numpy as np
arr = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
# padding array using CONSTANT mode
pad_arr = np.pad(arr, (3, 2), 'constant', constant_values=(6, 4))
# [6 6 6 1 3 2 5 4 4 4]
print(pad_arr)
Create arrays:
a = np.zeros((2,2)) # Create an array of all zeros
print(a) # Prints "[[ 0. 0.]
# [ 0. 0.]]"
# numpy.zeros_like
# Return an array of zeros with the same shape and type as a given array.
numpy.zeros_like(a, dtype=None, order='K', subok=True)
>>> x = np.arange(6)
>>> x = x.reshape((2, 3))
>>> x
array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5]])
>>> np.zeros_like(x)
array([[0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0]])
b = np.ones((1,2)) # Create an array of all ones
print(b) # Prints "[[ 1. 1.]]"
c = np.full((2,2), 7) # Create a constant array
print(c) # Prints "[[ 7. 7.]
# [ 7. 7.]]"
# 单位矩阵
d = np.eye(2) # Create a 2x2 identity matrix
print(d) # Prints "[[ 1. 0.]
# [ 0. 1.]]"
Array indexing
Slicing: Similar to Python lists, numpy arrays can be sliced. Since arrays may be multidimensional, you must specify a slice for each dimension of the array:
# Create the following rank 2 array with shape (3, 4)
# [[ 1 2 3 4]
# [ 5 6 7 8]
# [ 9 10 11 12]]
a = np.array([[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]])
# Use slicing to pull out the subarray consisting of the first 2 rows
# and columns 1 and 2; b is the following array of shape (2, 2):
# [[2 3]
# [6 7]]
b = a[:2, 1:3]
# A slice of an array is a view into the same data, so modifying it
# will modify the original array.
print(a[0, 1]) # Prints "2"
b[0, 0] = 77 # b[0, 0] is the same piece of data as a[0, 1]
print(a[0, 1]) # Prints "77"
You can also mix integer indexing with slice indexing. However, doing so will yield an array of lower rank than the original array. Note that this is quite different from the way that MATLAB handles array slicing:
# Create the following rank 2 array with shape (3, 4)
# [[ 1 2 3 4]
# [ 5 6 7 8]
# [ 9 10 11 12]]
a = np.array([[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]])
# Two ways of accessing the data in the middle row of the array.
# Mixing integer indexing with slices yields an array of lower rank,
# while using only slices yields an array of the same rank as the
# original array:
row_r1 = a[1, :] # Rank 1 view of the second row of a
row_r2 = a[1:2, :] # Rank 2 view of the second row of a
print(row_r1, row_r1.shape) # Prints "[5 6 7 8] (4,)"
print(row_r2, row_r2.shape) # Prints "[[5 6 7 8]] (1, 4)"
# We can make the same distinction when accessing columns of an array:
col_r1 = a[:, 1]
col_r2 = a[:, 1:2]
print(col_r1, col_r1.shape) # Prints "[ 2 6 10] (3,)"
print(col_r2, col_r2.shape) # Prints "[[ 2]
# [ 6]
# [10]] (3, 1)"
Integer array indexing: When you index into numpy arrays using slicing, the resulting array view will always be a subarray of the original array. In contrast, integer array indexing allows you to construct arbitrary arrays using the data from another array. Here is an example:
a = np.array([[1,2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
# An example of integer array indexing.
# The returned array will have shape (3,) and
print(a[[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 0]]) # Prints "[1 4 5]"
# The above example of integer array indexing is equivalent to this:
print(np.array([a[0, 0], a[1, 1], a[2, 0]])) # Prints "[1 4 5]"
# When using integer array indexing, you can reuse the same
# element from the source array:
print(a[[0, 0], [1, 1]]) # Prints "[2 2]"
# Equivalent to the previous integer array indexing example
print(np.array([a[0, 1], a[0, 1]])) # Prints "[2 2]"
One useful trick with integer array indexing is selecting or mutating one element from each row of a matrix:
# Create a new array from which we will select elements
a = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])
print(a) # prints "array([[ 1, 2, 3],
# [ 4, 5, 6],
# [ 7, 8, 9],
# [10, 11, 12]])"
# Create an array of indices
b = np.array([0, 2, 0, 1])
# Select one element from each row of a using the indices in b
print(a[np.arange(4), b]) # Prints "[ 1 6 7 11]"
# Mutate one element from each row of a using the indices in b
a[np.arange(4), b] += 10
print(a) # prints "array([[11, 2, 3],
# [ 4, 5, 16],
# [17, 8, 9],
# [10, 21, 12]])
Boolean array indexing: Boolean array indexing lets you pick out arbitrary elements of an array. Frequently this type of indexing is used to select the elements of an array that satisfy some condition. Here is an example:
a = np.array([[1,2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
bool_idx = (a > 2) # Find the elements of a that are bigger than 2;
# this returns a numpy array of Booleans of the same
# shape as a, where each slot of bool_idx tells
# whether that element of a is > 2.
print(bool_idx) # Prints "[[False False]
# [ True True]
# [ True True]]"
# We use boolean array indexing to construct a rank 1 array
# consisting of the elements of a corresponding to the True values
# of bool_idx
print(a[bool_idx]) # Prints "[3 4 5 6]"
# We can do all of the above in a single concise statement:
print(a[a > 2]) # Prints "[3 4 5 6]"
numpy.all
# Test whether all array elements along a given axis evaluate to True.
>>> np.all([[True,False],[True,True]])
False
numpy.ndarray.flatten
# Return a copy of the array collapsed into one dimension.
>>> a = np.array([[1,2], [3,4]])
>>> a.flatten()
array([1, 2, 3, 4])
# ‘C’ means to flatten in row-major (C-style) order. ‘F’ means to flatten in column-major (Fortran- style) order. The default is ‘C’.
>>> a.flatten('F')
array([1, 3, 2, 4])
Datatypes
Every numpy array is a grid of elements of the same type. Numpy provides a large set of numeric datatypes that you can use to construct arrays. Numpy tries to guess a datatype when you create an array, but functions that construct arrays usually also include an optional argument to explicitly specify the datatype. Here is an example:
x = np.array([1, 2]) # Let numpy choose the datatype
print(x.dtype) # Prints "int64"
x = np.array([1.0, 2.0]) # Let numpy choose the datatype
print(x.dtype) # Prints "float64"
x = np.array([1, 2], dtype=np.int64) # Force a particular datatype
print(x.dtype) # Prints "int64"
Array math
x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]], dtype=np.float64)
y = np.array([[5,6],[7,8]], dtype=np.float64)
# Elementwise sum; both produce the array
# [[ 6.0 8.0]
# [10.0 12.0]]
print(x + y)
print(np.add(x, y))
# Elementwise difference; both produce the array
# [[-4.0 -4.0]
# [-4.0 -4.0]]
print(x - y)
print(np.subtract(x, y))
# Elementwise product; both produce the array
# [[ 5.0 12.0]
# [21.0 32.0]]
print(x * y)
print(np.multiply(x, y))
# Elementwise division; both produce the array
# [[ 0.2 0.33333333]
# [ 0.42857143 0.5 ]]
print(x / y)
print(np.divide(x, y))
# absolute
arr1 = [1, -3, 15, -466]
np.absolute(arrt)
# Elementwise square root; produces the array
# [[ 1. 1.41421356]
# [ 1.73205081 2. ]]
print(np.sqrt(x))
# Compute the standard deviation along the specified axis.
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> np.std(a)
1.1180339887498949 # may vary
np.argmin
# Returns the indices of the minimum values along an axis.
>>> a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3) + 10
>>> a
array([[10, 11, 12],
[13, 14, 15]])
>>> np.argmin(a)
0
>>> np.argmin(a, axis=0)
array([0, 0, 0])
>>> np.argmin(a, axis=1)
array([0, 0])
矩阵行列求和
x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
print(np.sum(x)) # Compute sum of all elements; prints "10"
print(np.sum(x, axis=0)) # Compute sum of each column; prints "[4 6]"
print(np.sum(x, axis=1)) # Compute sum of each row; prints "[3 7]"
numpy.linspace
# Return evenly spaced numbers over a specified interval.
>>> np.linspace(2.0, 3.0, num=5)
array([ 2. , 2.25, 2.5 , 2.75, 3. ])
numpy.random
e = np.random.random((2,2)) # Create an array filled with random values
print(e) # Might print "[[ 0.91940167 0.08143941]
# [ 0.68744134 0.87236687]]"
# Return a sample (or samples) from the “standard normal” distribution.
>>> 2.5 * np.random.randn(2, 4) + 3
array([[-4.49401501, 4.00950034, -1.81814867, 7.29718677], #random
[ 0.39924804, 4.68456316, 4.99394529, 4.84057254]]) #random
# 生成正态分布
np.random.normal(loc=0.0, scale=1.0, size=None)
# Generate a uniform random sample from np.arange(5) of size 3:
# array([0, 3, 4])
np.random.choice(5, 3)
# Generate a non-uniform random sample from np.arange(5) of size 3:
# array([3, 3, 0])
np.random.choice(5, 3, p=[0.1, 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0])
# 生成均匀分布
# Draw samples from a uniform distribution.
# Samples are uniformly distributed over the half-open interval [low, high) (includes low, but excludes high). In other words, any value within the given interval is equally likely to be drawn by uniform.
# numpy.random.uniform(low=0.0, high=1.0, size=None)
>>> s = np.random.uniform(-1,0,1000)
>>> np.all(s >= -1)
True
>>> np.all(s < 0)
True
# Randomly permute a sequence, or return a permuted range.
>>> np.random.permutation(10)
array([1, 7, 4, 3, 0, 9, 2, 5, 8, 6])
>>> np.random.permutation([1, 4, 9, 12, 15])
array([15, 1, 9, 4, 12])
numpy.mean
# Compute the arithmetic mean along the specified axis.
# Returns the average of the array elements. The average is taken over the flattened array by default, otherwise over the specified axis. float64 intermediate and return values are used for integer inputs.
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> np.mean(a)
2.5
>>> np.mean(a, axis=0)
array([ 2., 3.])
>>> np.mean(a, axis=1)
array([ 1.5, 3.5
numpy.repeat
# Repeat elements of an array.
>>> np.repeat(3, 4)
array([3, 3, 3, 3])
>>> x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
>>> np.repeat(x, 2)
array([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4])
>>> np.repeat(x, 3, axis=1)
array([[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
[3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4]])
>>> np.repeat(x, [1, 2], axis=0)
array([[1, 2],
[3, 4],
[3, 4]])
numpy.load
# Load arrays or pickled objects from .npy, .npz or pickled files.
>>> np.save('/tmp/123', np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]))
>>> np.load('/tmp/123.npy')
array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6]])
numpy.isinf
# Test element-wise for positive or negative infinity. Returns a boolean array of the same shape as x, True where x == +/-inf, otherwise False.
>>> np.isinf(np.inf)
True
>>> np.isinf(np.nan)
False
>>> np.isinf(np.NINF)
True
>>> np.isinf([np.inf, -np.inf, 1.0, np.nan])
array([ True, True, False, False])
numpy.ceil
# 向上取整
>>> a = np.array([-1.7, -1.5, -0.2, 0.2, 1.5, 1.7, 2.0])
>>> np.ceil(a)
array([-1., -1., -0., 1., 2., 2., 2.])
矩阵
numpy.mat
a=np.mat('4 3; 2 1')
print(a)
# [[4 3]
# [2 1]]
# array([1, 2, 3])
a1=array([1,2,3])
# matrix([[1, 2, 3]])
a1=mat(a1)
#逆矩阵
a1.I
numpy.matrix.max
>>> x = np.matrix(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4))); x
matrix([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> x.max()
11
>>> x.max(0)
matrix([[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
>>> x.max(1)
matrix([[ 3],
[ 7],
[11]])
numpy.concatenate
# Join a sequence of arrays along an existing axis
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> b = np.array([[5, 6]])
>>> np.concatenate((a, b), axis=0)
array([[1, 2],
[3, 4],
[5, 6]])
>>> np.concatenate((a, b.T), axis=1)
array([[1, 2, 5],
[3, 4, 6]])
>>> np.concatenate((a, b), axis=None)
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
创建一个3*3的零矩阵，矩阵这里zeros函数的参数是一个tuple类型(3,3)
#matrix([[ 0., 0., 0.],
# [ 0., 0., 0.],
# [ 0., 0., 0.]])
mat(zeros((3,3)))
numpy.power
# First array elements raised to powers from second array, element-wise.
>>> x1 = range(6)
>>> x1
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> np.power(x1, 3)
array([ 0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125])
# Raise the bases to different exponents.
>>> x2 = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0]
>>> np.power(x1, x2)
array([ 0., 1., 8., 27., 16., 5.])
numpy.stack
# Join a sequence of arrays along a new axis.
>>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> b = np.array([2, 3, 4])
>>> np.stack((a, b))
array([[1, 2, 3],
[2, 3, 4]])
>>> np.stack((a, b), axis=-1)
array([[1, 2],
[2, 3],
[3, 4]])
# vstack
>>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> b = np.array([2, 3, 4])
>>> np.vstack((a,b))
array([[1, 2, 3],
[2, 3, 4]])
numpy.argmax
numpy.argmax(a, axis=None, out=None)[source]
# Returns the indices of the maximum values along an axis.
>>> a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3)
>>> a
array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5]])
>>> np.argmax(a)
5
>>> np.argmax(a, axis=0)
array([1, 1, 1])
>>> np.argmax(a, axis=1)
array([2, 2])
numpy.clip
# Clip (limit) the values in an array.
>>> a = np.arange(10)
>>> np.clip(a, 1, 8)
array([1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8])
numpy.reshape
# Gives a new shape to an array without changing its data.
>>> a = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
>>> np.reshape(a, 6)
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
>>> np.reshape(a, 6, order='F')
array([1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6])
>>> np.reshape(a, (3,-1)) # the unspecified value is inferred to be 2
array([[1, 2],
[3, 4],
[5, 6]])
numpy.squeeze
# Remove single-dimensional entries from the shape of an array.
>>> x = np.array([[[0], [1], [2]]])
>>> x.shape
(1, 3, 1)
>>> np.squeeze(x).shape
(3,)
>>> np.squeeze(x, axis=0).shape
(3, 1)
numpy.expand_dims
# Expand the shape of an array.
# Insert a new axis that will appear at the axis position in the expanded array shape.
>>> x = np.array([1,2])
>>> x.shape
(2,)
>>> y = np.expand_dims(x, axis=0)
>>> y
array([[1, 2]])
>>> y.shape
(1, 2)
numpy.arange
numpy.arange([start], stop[, step], dtype=None)
# Return evenly spaced values within a given interval.
>>> np.arange(3)
array([0, 1, 2])
>>> np.arange(3.0)
array([ 0., 1., 2.])
>>> np.arange(3,7)
array([3, 4, 5, 6])
>>> np.arange(3,7,2)
array([3, 5])
矩阵转置
x = np.array([[1,2], [3,4]])
print(x) # Prints "[[1 2]
# [3 4]]"
print(x.T) # Prints "[[1 3]
# [2 4]]"
# Note that taking the transpose of a rank 1 array does nothing:
v = np.array([1,2,3])
print(v) # Prints "[1 2 3]"
print(v.T) # Prints "[1 2 3]"
# numpy.transpose
>>> x = np.arange(4).reshape((2,2))
>>> x
array([[0, 1],
[2, 3]])
>>> np.transpose(x)
array([[0, 2],
[1, 3]])
>>> x = np.ones((1, 2, 3))
np.transpose(x, (1, 0, 2)).shape
(2, 1, 3)
矩阵相乘
# Note that unlike MATLAB, * is elementwise multiplication, not matrix multiplication.
# We instead use the dot function to compute inner products of vectors, to multiply a vector by a matrix, and to multiply matrices.
#dot is available both as a function in the numpy module and as an instance method of array objects:
>>> A = np.array( [[1,1],
... [0,1]] )
>>> B = np.array( [[2,0],
... [3,4]] )
>>> A * B # elementwise product 点乘
array([[2, 0],
[0, 4]])
>>> A @ B # matrix product 矩阵乘
array([[5, 4],
[3, 4]])
>>> A.dot(B) # another matrix product 矩阵乘
array([[5, 4],
[3, 4]])
numpy.ndarray.tolist
# Return the array as a (possibly nested) list.
>>> a = np.array([1, 2])
>>> a.tolist()
[1, 2]
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> list(a)
[array([1, 2]), array([3, 4])]
>>> a.tolist()
[[1, 2], [3, 4]]
numpy存取
# 将数组保存到.npy为扩展名的文件中
a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
# 保存到 outfile.npy 文件上
np.save('outfile.npy',a)
# 加载文件
b = np.load('outfile.npy')
# 将多个数组保存到npz为扩展名的文件中
a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
b = np.arange(0, 1.0, 0.1)
c = np.sin(b)
# c 使用了关键字参数 sin_array
np.savez("runoob.npz", a, b, sin_array = c)
r = np.load("runoob.npz")
print(r.files) # 查看各个数组名称
print(r["arr_0"]) # 数组 a
print(r["arr_1"]) # 数组 b
print(r["sin_array"]) # 数组 c
numpy.tile
>>> a = np.array([0, 1, 2])
>>> np.tile(a, 2)
array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2])
>>> np.tile(a, (2, 2))
array([[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2],
[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]])
>>> np.tile(a, (2, 1, 2))
array([[[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]],
[[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]]])
np.maximum
>>> np.maximum([2, 3, 4], [1, 5, 2])
array([2, 5, 4])
np.ufunc.reduce
#Reduces a’s dimension by one, by applying ufunc along one axis.
>>> X = np.arange(8).reshape((2,2,2))
>>> X
array([[[0, 1],
[2, 3]],
[[4, 5],
[6, 7]]])
>>> np.add.reduce(X, 0)
array([[ 4, 6],
[ 8, 10]])
>>> np.add.reduce(X) # confirm: default axis value is 0
array([[ 4, 6],
[ 8, 10]])
>>> np.add.reduce(X, 1)
array([[ 2, 4],
[10, 12]])
>>> np.add.reduce(X, 2)
array([[ 1, 5],
[ 9, 13]])